Thursday, April 23, 2020

Untitled

- Taste Spanish food, hear its music, wear like its styles, it's all provide you some of Spanish nature, it's a direct living of this nature. - (like OPA #1)

I typed this example by taking the advantage of that the mode of American students in learning foreign language is the Spanish.

Imitation of OPA logic #1

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of OPA logic #1:

(Verse 31 of chapter 17)

We have three sections here:

1) The action we think it's not effective.
2) What make this action not effective
3) Another conclusion about the action after explaining of step 2

Example:

Don't clean the street, while the wind gets more, it's wasting of efforts.

Tuesday, April 14, 2020

Imitation of Newton laws of motion

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of Newton laws of motion:

First law
    "In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force." = L (reason)

Second law
    "In an inertial frame of reference, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F = ma." = R

Third law
    "When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body." = S

Now, I have put the number of every law as it seemed to me, they seems to make beast number "LRS"

Now, the logic I assume that we can imitate or understand of these laws in life is that when we see something happens we make a conclusion that it happened as a reaction for another action, why? because any object will stay in its state of motion in straight line or of its silence and no motion except if there was a force affected on it, so there's no event happens without an action and when an action happens it'll have an affect.

Thoughts in Aesop's fables

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Thoughts in Aesop's fables:

I assume that all Aesop's fables are formed by S section which has three sub-sections S L and O. I assume also that it's usually you find these fables in this order, the fable starts with reason which is L then the story which is S then the final wisdom or the pretext which is O. In this kind and order of fables I assumed that it usually came with, I figured that this order isn't the linked order, I assume too that the linked order is by putting O in the first then L the reason then S the rest of the story.

Examples:
"Part One
The Wolf and the Lamb

Wolf, meeting with a Lamb astray from the fold, resolved not to lay violent hands on him, but to find some plea to justify to the Lamb the Wolf's right to eat him. He thus addressed him: "Sirrah, last year you grossly insulted me." "Indeed," bleated the Lamb in a mournful tone of voice, "I was not then born." Then said the Wolf, "You feed in my pasture." "No, good sir," replied the Lamb, "I have not yet tasted grass." Again said the Wolf, "You drink of my well." "No," exclaimed the Lamb, "I never yet drank water, for as yet my mother's milk is both food and drink to me." Upon which the Wolf seized him and ate him up, saying, "Well! I won't remain supper-less, even though you refute every one of my imputations." The tyrant will always find a pretext for his tyranny."

The pretext or O here is "The tyrant will always find a pretext for his tyranny.", put it in the start of the fable and read and understand it with this new way.

You can do this same assumption with same fables of Aesop. The new order we will have is OLS

You can download these fables with good translation from here:
http://www.world-english.org/stories.htm

Monday, April 13, 2020

Imitation of chapter based on S logic #1:

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of chapter based on S logic #1:

The S base 3 sections:

"1 Now it came about after the death of Moses the servant of the Lord, that the Lord spoke to Joshua the son of Nun, Moses’ [a]servant, saying, 2 “Moses My servant is dead; now therefore arise, cross this Jordan, you and all this people, to the land which I am giving to them, to the sons of Israel. 3 Every place on which the sole of your foot treads, I have given it to you, just as I spoke to Moses. 4 From the wilderness and this Lebanon, even as far as the great river, the river Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and as far as the Great Sea toward the setting of the sun will be your territory. 5 No man will be able to stand before you all the days of your life. Just as I have been with Moses, I will be with you; I will not fail you or forsake you. 6 Be strong and courageous, for you shall give this people possession of the land which I swore to their fathers to give them. 7 Only be strong and very courageous; [b]be careful to do according to all the law which Moses My servant commanded you; do not turn from it to the right or to the left, so that you may [c]have success wherever you go. 8 This book of the law shall not depart from your mouth, but you shall meditate on it day and night, so that you may [d]be careful to do according to all that is written in it; for then you will make your way prosperous, and then you will [e]have success." - (Joshua 1:1-8) (L)

( "[And they are] those who, if We give them authority in the land, establish prayer and give zakah and enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong. And to Allah belongs the outcome of [all] matters." - (41 of 22)
"Allah has promised those who have believed among you and done righteous deeds that He will surely grant them succession [to authority] upon the earth just as He granted it to those before them and that He will surely establish for them [therein] their religion which He has preferred for them and that He will surely substitute for them, after their fear, security, [for] they worship Me, not associating anything with Me. But whoever disbelieves after that - then those are the defiantly disobedient." - (55 of 24)
"And We have already written in the book [of Psalms] after the [previous] mention that the land [of Paradise] is inherited by My righteous servants." - (105 of 21)) (S)

"God raises the just government even if it's an unbeliever, and destroy the unjust government even if it's a believer." (considered as O)

*****

Now, these basic sections put principles of that the right of managing world affairs belongs to those can do good to world and manage in just, not those who damage world and rights of people.

Now, let's gather some points work according to the basic sections:

- " Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the [ak]sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.” 27 God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. 28 God blessed them; and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it; and rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the [al]sky and over every living thing that [am]moves on the earth.” 29 Then God said, “Behold, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is on the [an]surface of all the earth, and every tree [ao]which has fruit yielding seed; it shall be food for you; 30 and to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the [ap]sky and to every thing that [aq]moves on the earth [ar]which has life, I have given every green plant for food”; and it was so." - (Genesis 1:26-30)

In this point we see that God wants man to serve and care in earth rather than the direct care of God.

- "13 “You are the salt of the earth; but if the salt has become tasteless, how [e]can it be made salty again? It is no longer good for anything, except to be thrown out and trampled under foot by men. 14 “You are the light of the world. A city set on a [f]hill cannot be hidden; 15 nor does anyone light a lamp and put it under a [g]basket, but on the lampstand, and it gives light to all who are in the house. 16 Let your light shine before men in such a way that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father who is in heaven." - (Matthew 5:13-16)

In this point, we see the meaning of throwing the salt outside when it changed, the principle of the good to manage the world affairs deserves only to be in this place or inside.

- In Torah, God disliked deeds of Canaanite and he brought Israel from Egypt to do works pleases his eyes.

- "Corruption has appeared throughout the land and sea by [reason of] what the hands of people have earned so He may let them taste part of [the consequence of] what they have done that perhaps they will return [to righteousness]." - (41 of 30)

- "Say, "He is the [one] Able to send upon you affliction from above you or from beneath your feet or to confuse you [so you become] sects and make you taste the violence of one another." Look how We diversify the signs that they might understand." - (65 of 6)

We see here also the meaning of some ways can be used when those lead world become unjust and dirty.

There are more, you can add more to this logic depends on the basic sections.

Sunday, April 12, 2020

Hadith #3

"If you have eaten meat, then drink milk." (Prophetic quote)

"If you have eaten meat" = O
" then drink milk" = L

I assume this as an activation in numbers, O then L.

"If you have eaten fish, then eat dates." (Prophetic quote)

"If you have eaten fish" = S
"then eat dates" = P

I assume this as an activation in numbers, S then P.

إذا لحمتم (ألحمتم) فألبنوا
إذا أسمكتم فأتمروا (فأبلحوا)

Hadith #2


Roman numbers in:

The prophet said: "The deeds depends upon the intentions and it's for every person what he intended. So whoever emigrated for worldly benefits or for a woman to marry, his emigration was for what he emigrated for."

"The deeds depends upon the intentions" = L (reason)
"and it's for every person what he intended" = S (linker)
"So whoever emigrated for worldly benefits" = R
"or for a woman to marry" = E (all seeing eye)
"his emigration was for what he emigrated for" = P

The standard form of beast number is LRSPE
So, this quote in standard order will be:

"The deeds depends upon the intentions, So whoever emigrated for worldly benefits, and it's for every person what he intended, his emigration was for what he emigrated for, or for a woman to marry"

Common translation:
https://sunnah.com/bukhari/1

Hadith #1

Example of Roman numbers in prophet words:

The prophet said: "He who professes that there is no god except God, and denied of everything which was worshipped besides God, his property and blood become inviolable, and his account is upon God".

"He who professes that there is no god except God" = L (reason)

"and denied of everything which was worshipped besides God" = S (linker)

"his property and blood become inviolable" = P

"and his account is upon God" = R

Now, standard order of beast number for this prophetic quotes is: LRSP

It'll be like this:

"He who professes that there is no god except God, and his account is upon God, and denied of everything which was worshipped besides God, his property and blood become inviolable"

It's the best analyzing I have to now.

Hadith with common translation:
https://sunnah.com/riyadussaliheen/1/391

Wednesday, April 8, 2020

Imitation of man number logic #1

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of man number logic #1:
(This a part of L verse formed in man number NAPO)

Verse 4 of chapter 5

Four sections:

1) The quality in general of allowed things
2) The quality of teaching used in hunting
3) Training hunter animal to follow orders and how to hunt
4) The quality of what the hunter animal hunted

I think we can make more general independent logic of this verse, I work here with first four parts of this verse, but I think the subject of this verse which is hunting is good to give a principle and logic we can use in life. If I abstracted this logic more in future I'll include it in the rest of this explanation.

In first four parts of this verse we found some information about animals we use as food and we hunt 'em with hunter animals. Step 1 shows a general quality of food we accept, it's the good food, and how an animal we hunt become a good food? there are conditions, step 2 shows that when we teach an animal a teaching that's good and came from heaven, that makes the hunter takes this nature, because you eat thing according to heaven nature, step 3 shows that you have to train your hunter to follow your order otherwise it'll be considered hunted for itself and in this time it won't be good food for us, step 4 when you made conditions of step 2 and 3 you are free to eat from what your hunter hunted but be sure too that it hunted for you and according to your orders and for that we told that you have to train your hunter to follow your orders and how to hunt to prove that it's as if you hunted by yourself and with nature of heaven which make the hunted animal good food for you.

I know it's not like previous logic I imitated but this one is useful to provide some principles.


Tuesday, April 7, 2020

Imitation of Thunder chapter pattern logic #1

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of Thunder chapter pattern logic #1:

(L here is formed by LNPS)

Verse 19 of Chapter 13

Sections:

1) Those know the quality or value of something
2) The quality
3) Those who judged the quality of thing wrongly
4) Reasonable persons observes the differnce

This imitation is some difficult, it has four sections with more details, I chose simple verse to imitate its logic, if I could make so free independent logic of this verse, it means I understood it well, but if we are still close to its letters, it means we don't get its idea completely.

The subject of this logic is a comparing between two groups of people, those know the real quality of something, and those claimed random judges because they misunderstood or dislike the thing, they don't use reasoning, and finally the observations of the audiences those know at the final time or form the differences what's the truth and whom to follow.

Example:

John and his son were offering their old car to sell it, their neighbour saw the motor outer manner and said that this car will be sold with low price, it's not valuable, John brought a mechanic and the mechanic said this motor is so valuable and factories stopped making such kind of motors and car can have good price, John's son said "how that, our neighbour said that it's invaluable car", John said "Do you want to compare the experience of mechanic who knows the true value of cars by the ignorance of our neighbour, reasonable people observes the difference between 'em and know now he whom they should to follow."

***

An ignorant man took some soil and look to it then threw it into winds and said "poor useless invaluable soil". A scientist analyses the soil to figure out how much of metals and treasures inside it. Those understand followed the scientist and made millions, and ignorant people followed the ignorant and stayed in darkness of ignorance.

"Imitation of Thunder chapter pattern logic #1"

***


Not all men are the same, the one who knows the woman value and makes family gather around her because she's worthy isn't like he who tells 'em that she's just a woman, a slave, my follower.

"Imitation of Thunder chapter pattern logic #1"

***

If the mode of data set tells that individuals of this society have experience in a kind of field, it refers that this society in general has knowledge in values and qualities of products of this field. It can refer to an existence of a good market for this kind of products in this society.

(Imitation of Thunder chapter pattern logic #1, statistics)

Mode of American students of learning foreign language is Spanish, so we can conclude that Americans in general understand Spanish works, so we can ask Americans about quality of some Spanish works we meet or care about.

 (Imitation of Thunder chapter pattern logic #1, statistics)

Mode of Chinese those work in electronics field not high level, just level of common Chinese citizens, have good experience in this field more than Egyptians. So, if I have an electronic piece like a mobile made in Europe or Japan, or a laptop ... etc, and I need an opinion about its value and quality, I'll ask Chinese, of course, I can ask more than one because statistics mode doesn't mean that all Chinese are the same in this field but majority of 'em.

 (Imitation of Thunder chapter pattern logic #1, statistics)

***
I improved my BASIC program which was a try to computerize one of logic I explained before with applying statistics, I hope this time having more real computerizing, it's not the perfect form, it can be improved more but this what I have for current time.

(Imitation of Thunder chapter pattern logic #1, Statistics)

"OPTION BASE 1
RANDOMIZE TIMER
CLS

INPUT "What's field you'll ask about"; topic$

DIM group$(2, 2)

FOR i = 1 TO 2
PRINT "What's group" + STR$(i) + " ";
INPUT ; group$(i, 1)
PRINT
PRINT "What's thier mode in " + topic$ + " ,they are experts (y/n)";
INPUT ; group$(i, 2)
PRINT
NEXT i

PRINT

DO
PRINT "Which one you want to ask about " + topic$;
INPUT ; choice$


IF group$(1, 1) = choice$ THEN
IF group$(1, 2) = "y" THEN
LET percent = INT((100 - 70 + 1) * RND + 70)
PRINT "Your matter belonging to " + topic$ + " could be " + STR$(percent) + "% in this time."
ELSEIF group$(1, 2) = "n" THEN
LET percent = INT((100 - 1 + 1) * RND + 1)
PRINT "Your matter belonging to " + topic$ + " could be " + STR$(percent) + "% in this time."
END IF
ELSEIF group$(2, 1) = choice$ THEN
IF group$(2, 2) = "y" THEN
LET percent = INT((100 - 70 + 1) * RND + 70)
PRINT "Your matter belonging to " + topic$ + " could be " + STR$(percent) + "% in this time."
ELSEIF group$(2, 2) = "n" THEN
LET percent = INT((100 - 1 + 1) * RND + 1)
PRINT "Your matter belonging to " + topic$ + " could be " + STR$(percent) + "% in this time."
END IF
END IF

PRINT
INPUT "Do you want to try ask another someone (y/n)"; again$
LOOP UNTIL again$ = "n"
END"
***

Imitation of unknown beast number logic #1

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci


Imitation of unknown beast number logic #1:

Three sections:

1) The unwanted or bad matter or material ... etc
2) The necessity case (reason)
3) The manipulation and middle state

In this logic we face a situation for example that has a necessity to handle with bad thing against our principle, so we solve this situation by taking just the amount that the necessity needs of the unwanted material. We with that made a middle state that dealt between step 1 and 2, for necessity we seemed breaking step 1 but with measuring the need of the necessity we made the principle of step one that we still admit that this bad material is bad.

Example:
Leonardo lost in desert and he was thirsty and close to die, he meet impure dirty water, he drank just the amount that saves his life.

Friday, April 3, 2020

Linear programming logic imitation #1

"Science is the captain, and practice the soldiers." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Linear programming logic imitation #1:

English expression "take/put into consideration"

I assume that linear programming consists of three sections as beast number III.

1) Objective equation
2) Collection of some constraints (reasons)
3) the ideal solutions

Now, we can think same way without mathematics calculations and there's English expression for that "take into consideration".

In fact, in speaking and thinking we have objective idea like linear programming, we have constraints and these constraints are what we take in our consideration to form final appropriate decision which is the third step.

Example:

Mark crashed the window glass, his father wants to take an action with him, he take into his consideration that Mark is 8 years old, the action won't be violent one for that but just teaching that this is wrong and bad with some hard voice.

Thursday, April 2, 2020

Imitation of L logic #2

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of L logic #2:
(L here is formed by III beast number)
Verse 11 of Chapter 31

Sections:
1) The offered things which used in a claiming
2) The ideal or original or right things to be compared with things of the claim (reason)
3) Conclusion that clarify who's wrong

This logic for comparing and conclusion, someones have a claim in a situation and they are not fair in what are they saying, so you compare what are they claim with original things or right things and the conclusion will be clear that they are wrong.

Example:

Someone claimed that Indians have the most tough companies systems in world, but when we compared 'em with American ones we know clearly that the claimer is so wrong.

Imitation of chapter 2 verses logic (NAP)

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of chapter 2 verses logic (NAP):
Determine a purpose, use motivation and a direction.

This is the order, purpose, motivation then direction.

Imitation of O logic #1


"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of O logic #1:

Verse 107 of Chapter 11

This imitation consists of 4 or more elements, I studied just three ones.
1) Continuous action because a reason.
2) The reason of continuousness.
3) The interruption or exception in reason to change the continuousness of the action.



- Every day, you do the same, so, all days are the same to you. Add something new, make a change to have new days.

- Worker is your payment slave until another master offers better payment. 

- River keeps running away of your farm, you need to turn its runway to feed yours.

***

One of our problems in life is making the same actions in hope in different reactions to solve a problem. When we keep doing the same actions, we must receive the same results, because it's a natural law in universe. Einstein said that the mad person is he who keeps doing the same first steps expecting different results. Our duty is to make a change in our first actions, many times, we won't receive the result we are looking for, but the good side of what we did is that we made a change, so there's a hope to reach the favorite result. All what we need to keep making changes, and looking for the most appropriate changes in the actions to reach to what we are looking for. Making a change in our first steps is one of our problem solving keys, not the unreasonable repeating.

***


Depending on he whom you're talking with, your trade gaining and losing will be. If you're talking and dealing with ignorant person or he whom has dark or evil thoughts, you'll exchange your good effective thoughts with his bad ones; it won't be fair trade in this case, but to have effective gaining, make your meeting and conversation with open minded person - for example -; you'll exchange yours with good ones from him or at least you'll gain something good from him if yours are normal to him. Surround yourself with open minded persons. 

***


Staying OK isn't a healthy pointer for our behaviours. We don't change our bad customs nor thoughts until something ugly happens and shocks us to tell us that we were wrong. We need to look to others stories and learn from 'em; how they made the same of our bad behaviours and what the consequences they had for that, it can be a step to make us realize where we are going and to save our state of the same ugly results. We don't have to lean on the OK state but to have a proof that we are really OK or we are in wrong way. 

***


We have to care in the content of our writings and writings we read. We can't imagine reasonable person agree something he read because just it's good form; reasoning deals with the content and content feeds minds with informative words. Focusing in forms is like an empty writing and reading. They cause people to act as if they are robots which have no consciousness. Abandon writings with good forms without valuable content. 

Imitation of O logic #2

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of O logic #2:


Verse 11 of Chapter 6
This the first 3 elements of this theory:

1) The scope of the study and of events which are the subject of the study
2) The samples of the study inside that scope
3) The final results of the events of the study in that scope
Conclusion of step 3 and it's the reason

Example:

- The history proved that every ruler used force to rule his nation failed, the force isn't appropriate tool for ruling.

***

Pascal was in Casablanca, he noticed that there are no good green areas in the country, they don't care in gardens and plants although they are necessary for clearing air. He thought to make a demonstration to make pushing on the government to plant green areas in streets but a friend told him that there were many demonstrations before like the ones of 1980, 1983, 1990 for many purposes like health and economy but they are all failed, demonstrations are not appropriate solution in Casablanca.

Imitation of O logic #3

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci
 
Imitation of O logic #3:

Verse 102 of Chapter 21

Three elements:
1) Kind of wanted or unwanted action that will stay period of time.
2) The place, time, environment of continuousness of that kind of action.
3) Like an emphasize that there will be no opposite of that kind of action will happen in that place or time.

Examples:

- He'll spend 10 years suffering in prison without seeing even the sunrise or piece of hope.

- The client will live in that apartment and enjoy everything and nothing of disturbing will come close to him.

Imitation of O logic #4

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci
Imitation of O logic #4:

Verse 9 Chapter 11

1) Given feature
2) Taking it away (reason)
3) Internal hidden result

I think this O logic is to show a hidden real reaction, we can take an example:

Dog is a friend better than man; man will abandon you when you become poor, but dog won't.

Imitation of O logic #5

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

 Imitation of O logic #5:

Verse 16 of Chapter 6
1) The decision of putting someone in a temptation or make it away than him.
2) The principle type that decision of.
3) Considering it's winning or losing for that person.

Step 1 is the reason

Examples:
- It's of nobility to take sadness and tears away of a lady, it's nice gift she gains.

- Beavering poor of his bread is punishment for his poverty and true losing to him.

Imitation of O logic #6


"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of O logic #6:
Verse 41 of Chapter 6

This logic is in claiming rights of not deserving sides in a matter but when a trouble happens the claimers ask the real sides which have the right and ignore or forget their claiming.

1) The side that has the right in a matter and will be asked in serious trouble
2) The action or ability of this correct side in treating the trouble
3) Ignoring the claimed fake sides

Example:
People say that juices are equivalent to water, but when they are in desert, they will seek only water to survive and forget all other colors of drinks.

Imitation of S logic #1

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of S logic #1:
(S is formed by S sections)
Verse 8 of Chapter 6

It's when a change is asked from a side and that side wished something has power or better to make 'em to make the change but if this wish happened - in fact - they will have no chance to make a change and the case will be solved by power of wished thing.

1) The wished powerful or mighty or better thing (reason)
2) The result of that wished is that everything will be judged
3) No chance or time for change after the wished thing happens (if it happened)

Example:
John talked to his neighbour who throws his garbage in the street that he shouldn't do that, the neighbour said "do think yourself a policeman to tell me what to do or not", John said "if I'm a policeman, I wouldn't tell you to clean the street of your garbage but I'll take you directly to the police station and make you pay for that"

***
(Conclusion of imitation of S logic #1)

When you want to discuss problem with someone to reach a solution or make good hoped change, don't send someone who has power to discuss that, but send diplomatic one, for the one who has power will judge the situation and will give no chance for change.

Imitation of L logic #1

"It is better to imitate ancient than modern work." - Leonardo Da Vinci

Imitation of L logic #1:

(L is formed by S sections)

Verse 13 of Chapter 47 (Demetrian chapter)
(Chapter of Demi Lovato)

This logic is when we meet a case and we are in doubt how it'll be treated but it has previous cases like it and they have a quality higher than it, a quality of the subject of treating and although that they treated the same and have the same result, so you make a conclusion that it's necessary for this case to be treated the same and will have the same result.

1) Previous similar cases
2) They are higher than this case
3) The treating they had and result, they are the same

Example:
Fans were wounder how John Cena will face this new guy, but John Cena faced guys before this one those whom were stronger than this last one, Cena beat 'em all, surely Cena will beat this guy like others whom are better.

(Sometimes our conclusion may come wrong but it's depending on situations) 

***

Improving:

Another use of the mode in statistics with verses logic.

"Any group has particular mode in reaction with a type of information that's so rich in some examples, has so possible same reaction with news of examples has few of same type."

Suppose the mode of Americans is reacting badly with Iran for religious nature it has, it's so possible for 'em to react the same with countries have few of same nature like Turkey.

(Imitation of L logic #1, statistics)